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1
Felson, Richard B., and Jeremy Staff. "Committing Economic Crime for Drug Money." Crime & Delinquency 63, no. 4 (July 9, 2016): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128715591696.
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We examine the effects of the type and frequency of drug use on whether offenders engage in economic crime to obtain money for drugs. Analyses are based on a nationally representative sample of prison inmates (5,371 property offenders and 4,588 drug offenders). Daily users of heroin, crack cocaine, or powdered cocaine are most likely to report that they committed their offense for drug money. However, offenders who used these drugs less frequently and daily users of marijuana and methamphetamine reported this motivation as well. The motivation was more common among offenders who lacked access to legitimate income. The findings suggest that economic crimes are used to support recreational drug use as well as heavy use of heroin and cocaine.
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Кучеров, Илья, and Ilya Kuchyerov. "Essence, Functions and Legal Forms of Funds." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 9 (August 29, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21222.
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The article attempts to identify existing legal forms of funds through the prism of the performance of the basic functions. It explains fundamental role money has to play: a function of medium of exchange, a measure of value, means of accumulation, means of payment and the function of world money. The function of medium of exchange involves the use of funds in the area of trading. Use of money as a common counting unit is connected with the economical function of the measure of value. This function means that money serves as the universal means of indicating the price of goods, works and services. As a means of accumulating it is materialized through accumulation, which have the feature of value stability. As means of payment money works through payments out of any direct connection with the downturn area. Finally, the functioning of world money is associated with the use of the currency of a state in international payments. The author considers other functions of money. Special attention is paid to the legal currency, foreign currency and monetary metals.
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Nelissen, Rob. "Abundance Causes Greed in Appropriation from Common Resources." Psychology and Developing Societies 34, no. 1 (March 2022): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09713336221080624.
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Three experiments investigated the possibility that greed is not just a consequence of scarcity but may also result from abundance of common resources. It was predicted that abundance causes greed not through increasing competition but because it reduces social concerns for the outcomes of others, resulting in resource waste. Consistent with these predictions, we found that people take and waste more from common resources if these resources are more—rather than less—abundant. These findings were robust to different types of resources (chocolates and money). Implications of these findings for attempts at sustainable resource use are discussed.
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Ferguson, Maria. "Washington View: Money doesn’t buy easy answers." Phi Delta Kappan 103, no. 2 (September 27, 2021): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00317217211051153.
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In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. Congress has allocated just under $190 billion to support K-12 education. As Maria Ferguson explains, these much-needed funds will require states and districts to make plans for how best to use them, and the planning process is complicated in districts that are already stretched and facing unpredictable circumstances. The plans that have been submitted so far vary in their level of detail, but common themes include the effects of the pandemic on student achievement and the mental health needs of both students and school staff.
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Wang, Quanyi, and Ge Lin. "Sex Exchange and HIV-related Risk Behaviors among Female Heroin Users in China." Journal of Drug Issues 33, no. 1 (January 2003): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260303300106.
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This study examines differences in demographic characteristics and HIV-related risk behaviors between Chinese female heroin users who exchanged sex for drugs or money and those who were never involved in sex exchange. A sample of 171 female heroin users was recruited from a detoxification center in China. Female heroin users who exchanged sex for drugs or money were more likely to be unemployed and were at higher risk in both sexual behaviors and injection drug use. Number of sexual partners in the previous year, unemployment, and injection drug use were independently associated with exchange of sex for drugs or money; adjusted odds ratios were 1.2, 3.8, and 2.6, respectively. Findings show that HIV-related risk behaviors are common among female heroin users in China and that HIV harm reduction should be focused on female heroin users who exchange sex for drugs or money.
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Cassella, Stefan. "Illicit finance and money laundering trends in Eurasia." Journal of Money Laundering Control 22, no. 2 (May 7, 2019): 388–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-01-2018-0003.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review recent examples of sophisticated money laundering operations involving financial institutions in Eurasia, including Russia and Moldova, and the resulting flow of licit and illicit capital from that part of the world to the UK, the USA, and other Western countries. Design/methodology/approach Relying on materials from publicly available sources, the study uses several case studies to illustrate various money laundering methods with a view toward identifying common elements and aspects of the schemes that might be considered new or innovative. Findings In particular, the study examines the roles that lax anti-money laundering compliance by financial institutions and the use of shell corporations designed to conceal the beneficial ownership of the companies and their assets have played in virtually all of the money laundering schemes. Originality/value The paper discusses the risks that these emerging money laundering methods pose to Western countries and their financial institutions and the approaches that governments might take to minimize those risks and raise the barriers for the laundering of illicit funds within their jurisdictions.
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Pliushcheva, Galina Vladimirovna. "Eaeu common regional currency." SHS Web of Conferences 94 (2021): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219401003.
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The operation and development of the economies of the EAEU countries is subject to the influence of external economic factors, while the single currency will eliminate the risks associated with the restriction of the use of the dollar due to sanctions and will reduce transaction costs. The article offers an approach for the formation of a single internal currency within the EAEU that is based on the following key provisions: firstly, in modern conditions, the role of digital financial assets (and, consequently, cryptocurrency) is gaining importance in economic regional interaction; secondly, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan have not fully legitimized digital financial assets, but partially recognize them, while preserving the resource-specific nature of the financial and economic sphere; thirdly, the global trend for the demand for an alternative type of money should be considered. The proposed approach is addressed to small regional economic and political associations, which makes it possible to fairly quickly consider current and future changes in pricing of one unit of currency. In addition, the proposed approach can be scaled based on the growing influence of the previous and new members of the regional economic association.
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Singh, Supriya. "Electronic Commerce and the Sociology of Money." Sociological Research Online 4, no. 4 (February 2000): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.383.
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There is seemingly little connection between conversations about electronic commerce at an OECD workshop in San Francisco and talk of ritual cash payments at a Maori funeral in New Zealand. Yet money is at the centre of both conversations. There is a hesitant acceptance in regional policy dialogues that the cultural meanings of money have to be taken into account before any consensus is possible on issues of electronic commerce. Recent sociological work on money is also questioning the duality of the market and society. In the last five years, there has also been interesting sociological work showing how social relations and cultural values shape different kinds of market, domestic and personal monies. It is also revealing the cultural distinctiveness of the media and forms of transfers. Sociologists of money, particularly in the United Kingdom, have addressed the management and control of money in the household and how these relate to social welfare payments. Sociologists are also addressing the use and non-use of electronic money in the home, relating it to social inclusion and exclusion. Policy makers and sociologists of money have areas of common interest. However, sociologists are mostly absent from this policy debate on electronic commerce. The challenge for sociologists is to first connect the new information and communication technologies to changes in the medium, form, meaning and relationships of money. We can then begin to forge a language that can address issues of electronic commerce and culture.
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Ersson, Eugenia Olavarría de, and Philip Shaw. "Verb complementation patterns in Indian Standard English." English World-Wide 24, no. 2 (December 5, 2003): 137–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.24.2.02ers.
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Where English has two or more alternative complementation patterns for the same verb, their relative frequencies might vary among national varieties. This article investigates the relative frequencies of various complementation patterns among nine verbs whose complementation may differ between British and Indian English: provide, furnish, supply, entrust and present ; pelt, shower, pepper, bombard. A method was devised to use on-line Indian and British newspaper archives as a source of more examples than could be obtained from corpora. The results showed consistent differences between varieties. The construction “NP1-V-NP3-NP2” (he provided them money), though not common, was more likely to occur in Indian than in British newspaper English. The construction “NP1-V-NP3-with-NP2” (he provided them with money) was considerably more common for most verbs in British English than in Indian, relative to the alternative “NP1-V-NP2-to/for/at-NP3” (he provided money to them), illustrating the systematic nature of structural nativisation.
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Shiby, Ashik. "Detection of Fake Currency using Image Processing." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 10, 2021): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36348.
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In its definition, the term 'currency' defines an agreed-upon exchange item, the national currency being the legal entity used by the selected controlling entity. Throughout history, issuers have faced 1 common threat: counterfeit. In recent years fake money note has been printed that has resulted in significant losses and damage to society. Therefore, it becomes necessary to build a tool for earning money. This research project proposes a way to look at the note of counterfeit money distributed in our country through their image. After selecting an image use pre-processing. In pre-processing, the acquired image is cropped, smooth, and adjust. Change the image to grey-scale. After conversion use image separation. Features are extracted and reduce. Finally, compare the picture to be real or fake. Duplicate money has been a major problem in the market. There are currency counting machines available in banks and other trading venues to check financial authenticity. Most people do not have access to such programs which is why there is a need for fake money laundering software, which can be used by ordinary people. This proposed framework uses Image Processing to determine whether the money is real or counterfeit. The research project program is built entirely using Python's programming language. It has the methods such as grayscale conversion, edge detection, segmentation, etc.
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Berkowitz, Jason P., Craig A. Depken, and John M. Gandar. "The Conversion of Money Lines Into Win Probabilities." Journal of Sports Economics 19, no. 7 (March 28, 2017): 990–1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002517696957.
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We contribute to the literature on money line betting markets by investigating the relationships between the various methods used to derive subjective win probabilities from money lines. We show that, although the seven methods described appear to be unique, they actually share many common assumptions and that, surprisingly, they reduce to three distinct estimates of bookmaker commission and subjective win probabilities. We also show that among the three distinct estimates, one is biased when money lines suggest a very heavy favorite in a particular sporting event. Thus, it is important to consider the assumptions for each method when deciding which to use in a particular context. Two empirical examples demonstrate how a market inefficiency, such as a favorite-longshot bias, should influence the choice of methodology.
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TILSE, CHERYL, DEBORAH SETTERLUND, JILL WILSON, and LINDA ROSENMAN. "Minding the money: a growing responsibility for informal carers." Ageing and Society 25, no. 2 (February 24, 2005): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x04002983.
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Managing the assets of older people is a common and potentially complex task of informal care with legal, financial, cultural, political and family dimensions. Older people are increasingly recognised as having significant assets, but the family, the state, service providers and the market have competing interests in their use. Increased policy interest in self-provision and user-charges for services underline the importance of asset management in protecting the current and future health, care and accommodation choices of older people. Although ‘minding the money’ has generally been included as an informal care-giving task, there is limited recognition of either its growing importance and complexity or of care-givers' involvement. The focus of both policy and practice have been primarily on substitute decision-making and abuse. This paper reports an Australian national survey and semi-structured interviews that have explored the prevalence of non-professional involvement in asset management. The findings reveal the nature and extent of involvement, the tasks that informal carers take on, the management processes that they use, and that ‘minding the money’ is a common informal care task and mostly undertaken in the private sphere using some risky practices. Assisting informal care-givers with asset management and protecting older people from financial risks and abuse require various strategic policy and practice responses that extend beyond substitute decision-making legislation. Policies and programmes are required: to increase the awareness of the tasks, tensions and practices surrounding asset management; to improve the financial literacy of older people, their informal care-givers and service providers; to ensure access to information, advice and support services; and to develop better accountability practices.
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Et.al, Pei-Tha Gan. "The Economic Uncertainty with Money Demand: Empirical Evidence for Selected Developed and Developing Countries." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 286–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.666.
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An important element of the empirical research on demand for money is that many published papers focus on common issues of economic activity rather than on economic uncertainty to identify a stable money demand function. Therefore, by encompassing economic uncertainty in money demand study cannot be used to disprove its precision simply because of model misspecification in general use and an intricate process of data collection. This paper uses a sample of four selected developed countries and five selected developing countries. By using the dynamic heterogeneous panel co-integration test of autoregressive distributed lag, this paper examines the money demand relationship that considering economic uncertainty and two additional control variables, namely exchange rate and inflation. The paper’s findings suggest that the economic uncertainty is an important explanatory indicator about unknown economic events that may assist in fine-tuning money demand stability, and that the exchange rate and the inflation rate roles as well as the income and the interest rate roles remain significant in the process of central bank’s monetary decision making, which eventually help to enhance money demand controls for a sensible monetary transmission mechanism.
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Tofangsaz, Hamed. "Rethinking terrorist financing; where does all this lead?" Journal of Money Laundering Control 18, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-12-2013-0049.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine whether from a factual standpoint, it is sufficiently reasonable to address the suppression of terrorist financing by analogy with money laundering. Design/methodology/approach – The process of terrorist financing will be examined in regard to the funding requirements of terrorists and the methods and tools that terrorists use to raise, move and store their funds. The process of money laundering will be compared with terrorist financing. The role of money laundering in terrorist financing will be discussed. In the core part of this paper, the assumptions justifying the inclusion of anti-money laundering measures to terrorist financing will be challenged. Findings – What terrorist financing and money laundering share in common is money. However, there are fundamental differences between them with regard to the sources of funds and the direction of financial flows. None of the elements –“accumulation” and “legitimization”– involved in money laundering are necessarily engaged in the process of terrorist financing. This questions the authenticity of the assumptions which underlie the adopted approach. It also requires further investigation on the effectiveness of the integrated counter-terrorist regime, which will not be covered by this paper. Originality/value – This paper provides a comprehensive introduction for those dealing with the greater question of whether the terrorist financing can and should be tackled by anti-money laundering measures.
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RILVERIA, LOIDA A. "Money Eating: The War Beyond Private Sector Initiative." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (September 4, 2020): 1060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug600.
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The main purpose of this study is to know the best practices and challenges of private sector in fighting money eating. The study employed the qualitative research method using the documentary analysis and made use of Qualitative Analysis in determining the best practices and challenges of the private sector. Based on the findings, the best practices of private sector are in two themes: Public-Private Sector Partnership and Private Sector Self-Regulation; the challenges of private sector are in two themes: Lack of Cooperation and Conflict of Interest. This implies that the private sector plays an important role in fighting money eating and the challenges of private sector is multifarious.Money eating is not just a public sector matter. As a common basis of money eating for public officials, the private sector portions account ability for money eating. Eradicating money eating by mounting a multi-pronged scheme incorporating liberalization, deregulation, civil service improvement, and institutionalization of a participating line to shared service delivery and its monitoring. Comprising the private sector will not only countenance the progress of supplementary refined and sensitive policy responses to money eating but will also put pressure on the private sector to elevation its own standards of deeds.
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HONJO, KEITA, LUIS FERNANDO CHAVES, AKIKO SATAKE, AKIRA KANEKO, and NOBORU MINAKAWA. "When they don't bite, we smell money: understanding malaria bednet misuse." Parasitology 140, no. 5 (January 24, 2013): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012002077.
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SUMMARYInsecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are a major tool to control malaria. Over recent years increased ITN coverage has been associated with decreased malaria transmission. However, ITN ‘misuse’ has been increasingly reported and whether this emergent behaviour poses a threat to successful malaria control and elimination is an open question. Here, we use a game theory mathematical model to understand the possible roles of poverty and malaria infection protection by individual and emerging ‘community effects’ on the ‘misuse’ of malaria bednets. We compare model predictions with data from our studies in Lake Victoria Islands (LVI), Kenya and Aneityum, Vanuatu. Our model shows that alternative ITN use is likely to emerge in impoverished populations and could be exacerbated if ITNs become ineffective or when large ‘community effects’ emerge. Our model predicted patterns of ITN use similar to the observed in LVI, where ‘misuse’ is common and the high ITN use in Aneityum, more than 20 years after malaria elimination in 1990. We think that observed differences in ITN use may be shaped by different degrees of economic and social development, and educational components of the Aneityum elimination, where traditional cooperative attitudes were strengthened with the malaria elimination intervention and post-elimination surveillance.
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Hedgepeth, David J. "The Advantages of Using a Videomicroscope for Classroom Teaching." Microscopy Today 5, no. 5 (June 1997): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s155192950006154x.
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To see what is general in whet is particular, and what is permanent in what istransitory is the aim of scientific though …. Alfred North WhiteheadScience educators in K-12 schools are often confronted with skepticism when the budgetary needs for equipment and materials come up for discussion. They are expected to make science “interesting”, “exciting”, “motivating”, and “up-to-date”, but without investing money in modern technology. It is important to not let this common fascination with novelty, excitement and parsimony, prevent us from realizing the full potential for videomicroscopy in classroom science teaching. In addition to their “gee, whizl” aspects, videomicroscopes offer a number of instructional advantages that make them worth the money, and I will present some ideas about how to use and configure a videomicroscope for classroom use.
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Panah, Abdul Masood, and Y. Muniraju. "AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON EFFICACY OF DEMONETIZATION IN INDIA: POLICY ROLLOUT ON DEMONETIZING OLD CURRENCY." Australian Finance & Banking Review 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/afbr.v5i1.1007.
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Demonetization is the process of declining the use of currency from circulation by the government or monetary authorities in a country. This research paper analyses the efficacy of Indian demonetization from common public perspectives, the policy that the government of India has implemented to fight against black money, drying the financial roots of terrorism, and direct the civilization towards digital transactions and a cashless economy. A field survey was conducted in Karnataka and Kerala’s coastal region by distributing a structured questionnaire among the common public to generate the data. The authors run descriptive statistics and ordinal regression analysis to obtain the result for the study’s objectives. The descriptive statistics result found that demonetization increased the number of bank account holders in India. There is not much impact of demonetization on controlling evasion of tax and illegal investments of black money, and the policy adversely affects regular business in the country. The findings from ordinal regression reveal that the time frame was given to the public to demonetize their old notes were sufficient; money circulation was well planned at the time of demonetization. The policy implemented at the right time and the common public, despite facing enormous challenges while purchasing goods and services at the time of demonetization, considers that demonetization implementation was effective.
JEL Classification Codes: E5, E6, E7, E58, E60.
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Nkoane, Paul. "Unpacking the Laundry Machine: Why Is Dirty Money in the Social Club?" African Journal of Legal Studies 11, no. 2-3 (September 16, 2018): 254–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340035.
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AbstractThe article provides an overview of the methods accepted to be critical for the laundering of illicit property, i.e. placement, layering, and integration. This is done to inform the reader of the obscurity the methods provide to illicit property and the possible costs involved. It is submitted that these typical methods would only be necessary when organised criminals launder huge sums of money. The article illustrates that when laundering relatively smaller amounts criminals prefer other cheaper methods to achieve the same end. The article, therefore, undertakes an objective analysis of the techniques of money laundering likely to be orchestrated in the South African social clubs schemes. The focus is on social organisations that engage in collecting money from members to deposit into a single account for a common goal. These organisations are termed stokvels. It is submitted that some of the collected amounts may not come from licit activities and may be highly difficult to identify. The article analyses the reason why people use social clubs and proposes methods that could be used to stall the refining of illicit money in such schemes.
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Zharikov, Mikhail V. "Parallel Currency Regimes in the Area of Financial Integration." World of Economics and Management 19, no. 4 (2019): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0429-2019-19-4-5-13.
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The study presented in the article seems rather relevant due to the fact that the problem of indebtedness in the eurozone members has not been solved yet, and these countries still continue to accumulate debts. Therefore, the eurozone members are expected to find effective ways to restore competitiveness after the crisis of 2009‒2012 without exiting the single currency agreement. The research is aimed at encompassing the relations which come into being as a result of credit use, money circulation, and money transfer payments. Consideration of these issues seems very important since it can help restore the loss of monetary independence. The subject of the article is the ways to denominate debt securities in the currency units under the control of the national governments and the central bank. The main purpose of the paper is to develop the approaches to parallel circulation of a single currency unit which can be devalued to solve the debt problems. The practical significance of the article lies in the possibility to use the European experience in solving the problems of common currency circulation in the process of Eurasian currency and financial integration. In terms of economic theory, the results and general outcomes of the work are important for the development of a concept to rationalize monetary policy and money circulation. In conclusion, the article proposes a parallel currency circulation regime which allows a member country of the currency agreement to stay in the common currency area and retain some functions of the monetary policy which were sacrificed due to the creation and operation of the common central bank.
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Giuffrida, Giorgia, Francesco Lacarrubba, Simona Boscaglia, Maria Rita Nasca, and Giuseppe Micali. "A Noninvasive Aid for Office-Based Gynecologists for the Diagnosis of Common External Genital Disorders." Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2019 (October 16, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1830245.
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Background. Gynecology and dermatology share the diagnosis and the management of some disorders of the female external genital area. In the last decade, clinical diagnosis in dermatology has dramatically improved, thanks to the introduction of dermatoscopy. Technique. Dermatoscopy is a noninvasive, rapid, and simple technique performed with an affordable handheld instrument called dermatoscope, endowed with a light source and a high-quality lens achieving 10 times magnification. Experience. The use of dermatoscopy for the diagnosis of some common external genital disorders, i.e., genital warts (GW), vestibular papillomatosis (VP), molluscum contagiosum (MC), angiokeratoma (AK), and pediculosis pubis (PP), is presented and discussed. Conclusion. The use of dermatoscopy in a gynecologic office may considerably help the specialist to enhance in selected cases the clinical diagnosis and to avoid unnecessary and cumbersome investigations which may be time and money consuming.
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Jullum, Martin, Anders Løland, Ragnar Bang Huseby, Geir Ånonsen, and Johannes Lorentzen. "Detecting money laundering transactions with machine learning." Journal of Money Laundering Control 23, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-07-2019-0055.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop, describe and validate a machine learning model for prioritising which financial transactions should be manually investigated for potential money laundering. The model is applied to a large data set from Norway’s largest bank, DNB. Design/methodology/approach A supervised machine learning model is trained by using three types of historic data: “normal” legal transactions; those flagged as suspicious by the bank’s internal alert system; and potential money laundering cases reported to the authorities. The model is trained to predict the probability that a new transaction should be reported, using information such as background information about the sender/receiver, their earlier behaviour and their transaction history. Findings The paper demonstrates that the common approach of not using non-reported alerts (i.e. transactions that are investigated but not reported) in the training of the model can lead to sub-optimal results. The same applies to the use of normal (un-investigated) transactions. Our developed method outperforms the bank’s current approach in terms of a fair measure of performance. Originality/value This research study is one of very few published anti-money laundering (AML) models for suspicious transactions that have been applied to a realistically sized data set. The paper also presents a new performance measure specifically tailored to compare the proposed method to the bank’s existing AML system.
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BACULÁKOVÁ, Kristína, and Ľubica HARAKAĽOVÁ. "Allocation of Financial Resources from EARDF in the Context of Typology of Slovak Regions." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 9, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.3(27).10.
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The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union (CAP EU) is one of the common EU policies that support vulnerable and disadvantaged EU regions. The allocation of EU structural funds is for a long time considered unequal and unjust. Especially money from European agricultural fund is not distributed directly to farmers. In the paper, we use cluster analysis to define the distribution of funds from the EAFRD (European Agriculture Fund for Rural Development) to individual regions of the Slovak Republic at NUTS 3 level in the previous programming period 2007 – 2013. The main objective of the paper is to identify the regions where most of the money form EARDF was allocated during this period. The results of the cluster analysis are clear - funds were not concentrated only in regions that are classified as predominantly rural (according the OECD methodology) but also in regions that were classified as intermediate or even predominantly urban.
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Arnoux, Mathieu. "Credit and investment between town and countryside: the market in grain annuities in Normandy (thirteenth-fourteenth centuries)." Continuity and Change 36, no. 2 (August 2021): 149–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000126.
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AbstractThe replacement of rents in kind by payments in money is considered by many historians as a marker of the commercialization of the economy and thus of its modernization. The case of medieval Normandy does not confirm this development, however: the sources testify to a common use of money since the end of the eleventh century, but also to the persistence until the fifteenth century of payment in kind, including in the field of credit. The article examines the case of the Caen region, for which there is abundant evidence from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries of annuities purchased with money from peasants in exchange for annual repayments in grain. This system allowed a significant transfer of monetary value to the countryside, while guaranteeing the supply of urban markets and welfare institutions. Although these contracts were usually secured by pledges on plots of land, they did not lead to the expropriation of peasants, but rather promoted the growth of credit markets in the countryside.
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Foo, Kenny. "Mapping the contours and limits of “irresistible inference”." Journal of Money Laundering Control 23, no. 4 (May 30, 2020): 735–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-03-2020-0027.
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Purpose In R v Anwoir [2008] EWCA Crim 1354, the English Court of Appeal held that, in money laundering prosecutions, the criminal provenance of property can be proved by showing that the circumstances in which the property was handled give rise to the irresistible inference that it can only have been derived from crime. The purpose of this paper is to analyse subsequent developments that have revealed the contours, and some of the limits, of proof by “irresistible inference”. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews the reported cases in which an “irresistible inference” was drawn and identifies the features common to most of them. It then explores the limits of proof by “irresistible inference” by reference to the continuing relevance of predicate offences and the use of money laundering tools and techniques for non-laundering purposes. Findings Most of the cases in which an “irresistible inference” was drawn fall within a narrow compass of five categories. The breadth of the principle is constrained by the characteristics of the predicate offence, and its usefulness is limited in cases where the typologies of the predicate offence and the money laundering offence overlap significantly. Originality/value This paper may be useful to those involved in prosecuting or defending money laundering cases, as well as regulated persons assessing their money laundering risks and disclosure obligations.
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Leinonen, Johanna. "“Money Is Not Everything and That’s the Bottom Line”." Social Science History 36, no. 2 (2012): 243–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011780.
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This article highlights and fills gaps in research on migrant elites, traditionally defined as highly educated or professional migrants. The research on elite migrants has often suffered from methodological individualism: elite migrants are depicted as male professionals who shuttle from one work assignment or country to another, unrestricted by family relationships or national borders. My research shows the important role of marriage and family ties in life decisions of elite migrants, who in migration statistics and scholarly discussions appear merely as professionals, highly educated persons, or students. I also contribute to the recent literature that challenges the common assumption that migration is a unidirectional movement from one place to another initiated by a single motive, work or family. My research shows that in reality, for both women and men, multiple motives and multidirectional movements are often involved. Furthermore, my research highlights how elite migrants’ high social status does not necessarily guarantee privileged treatment by the host society or that elite migrants feel a part of the society in which they live. I use international marriages between Finns and Americans in Finland and the United States as a case study. I base my analysis on the 74 interviews that I conducted with American migrants and their Finnish spouses living in the capital region of Finland, in or near Helsinki, and with Finnish migrants married to US citizens and living in the state of Minnesota. In addition, I use responses to an online survey of American-born people who were living in Finland in 2008. I received 106 responses to the survey.
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Genschow, Oliver, Johannes Schuler, Emiel Cracco, Marcel Brass, and Michaela Wänke. "The Effect of Money Priming on Self-Focus in the Imitation-Inhibition Task." Experimental Psychology 66, no. 6 (November 2019): 423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000466.
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Abstract. The self-sufficiency hypothesis suggests that priming individuals with money makes them focus more strongly on themselves than on others. However, recently, research supporting this claim has been heavily criticized and some attempts to replicate have failed. A reason for the inconsistent findings in the field may lay in the common use of explicit measures, because they tend to rely on one or just a few items and are thus prone to demand effects and low reliability. In the present research, we administered, in two experiments, the imitation-inhibition task – a robust, unobtrusive, and reliable paradigm that is sensitive to self-other focus on a trial-by-trial basis. A pilot study found an increased focus on the self as compared to others when primed with money. Building on this finding, a preregistered high-powered experiment replicated this effect, suggesting that money primes may indeed increase a focus on the self. An additionally carried out meta-analysis indicates that automatic imitation is modulated by self-other focus and that money primes lead to a smaller focus on the self than conventional methods. Overall, the found effects are rather small and several limitations, such as order effects, call for a cautious interpretation of the findings.
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Kvæl, Linda Aimée Hartford, Ida Løchting, and Marianne Molin. "Use of Dietary Supplements and Perceived Knowledge among Adults Living with Fibromyalgia in Norway: A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 14, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010005.
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Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a complex medical condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain. To date, no gold standard treatment has been developed, and persons with FMS often seek alternative methods to control their symptoms, such as dietary supplements (DS). This study aimed to describe the use of DS in persons living with FMS and examine the associations between the use of DS and its potential predictors. We recruited a convenience sample of 504 participants (≥18 years) living with FMS. The main outcome variables included estimated expenditure on DS in the last 12 months in Norwegian kroner (NOK) and the differences between the groups of users and non-users of DS. Of the 504 participants, 430 reported having used DS, and the mean amount of money spent in the previous year was determined to be NOK 2300. The most common DS reported were vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids. The predictors of being a DS user were high education, high self-reported knowledge of DS but low overall knowledge of health claims. Users of DS marketed for muscles/joints appear to spend more money on DS. The increasing availability of DS and aggressive advertising in the media through health claims stipulate the need for interventions that lead to informed decisions about DS.
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RYNDZAK, Olha. "STATE REGULATION OF THE NATIVE MIGRANTS’ REMITTANCES." Economy of Ukraine 2021, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2021.03.087.
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The remittances of the migrants can become one of the most significant positive results of international migration. Still, the usage of their capabilities demands scientific-based prudent state control. In Ukraine, the policy in this field is merely at the stage of the development. The international experience of the realization of the ways of revenue stimulation from international migrants and the main ways of their mobilization in the development of countries – suppliers of the labor power have been reviewed. The main channels of international money transfers and their fees have been analyzed. According to the sociological survey of the Ukrainian migrants, the individual aspects of their economic behavior have been clarified. In this connection, it turned out that most of the respondents send their funds to Ukraine, where they are mostly spent to the satisfaction of daily needs of the family and also to the accommodations of the migrant during his staying home. Besides, in Ukraine, the common ways of use of money earned abroad are the purchase of durable goods, savings, repairs, and housing reconstruction. In the meantime, the survey has exposed the low willingness to invest their money in Ukraine. The investments into the business function are the most common way of the possible investment of the migrant funds. The research has proved the necessity of the state policy development in the field of regulation of the remittances. The measures of such regulations are systematized in two directions. The first one applies to the transfers and transferring channels themselves. The objective of such regulation is the money transfers of the migrants from abroad through the official channels and increasing of their rate. The second one is connected directly with the transfer usage. Its objective is the spending of such funds for the benefit of development and their effective usage.
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Goldstein, D. E., R. R. Little, H. M. Wiedmeyer, J. D. England, C. L. Rohlfing, and A. L. Wilke. "Is glycohemoglobin testing useful in diabetes mellitus? Lessons from the diabetes control and complications trial." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1637–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.8.1637.
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Abstract To address the question, Do laboratory tests cost money or save money? we have used as a model for discussion a common chronic disease, diabetes mellitus, and a widely used laboratory test, that for glycohemoglobin, a measure of long-term glycemia used to manage diabetic patients. Diabetes mellitus is serious, highly prevalent, and costly. In 1992, $1 of every $7 spent on health in the US was for diabetes, predominantly for treatment of the chronic complications of the disease. The recently completed Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that development and progression of the chronic complications of diabetes are related to the degree of altered glycemia as quantified by determinations of glycohemoglobin. Thus, use of glycohemoglobin testing for routine diabetes care provides an objective measure of a patient's risk for developing diabetic complications. Results of this test can alert patients and health providers to the need for change in the treatment plan. Optimal use of glycohemoglobin testing for diabetes care will require standardization of test results.
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Yang, Cheng-Hong, Borcy Lee, and Yu-Da Lin. "Effect of Money Supply, Population, and Rent on Real Estate: A Clustering Analysis in Taiwan." Mathematics 10, no. 7 (April 2, 2022): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10071155.
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Real estate is a complex and unpredictable industry because of the many factors that influence it, and conducting a thorough analysis of these factors is challenging. This study explores why house prices have continued to increase over the last 10 years in Taiwan. A clustering analysis based on a double-bottom map particle swarm optimization algorithm was applied to cluster real estate–related data collected from public websites. We report key findings from the clustering results and identify three essential variables that could affect trends in real estate prices: money supply, population, and rent. Mortgages are issued more frequently as additional real estate is created, increasing the money supply. The relationship between real estate and money supply can provide the government with baseline data for managing the real estate market and avoiding unlimited growth. The government can use sociodemographic data to predict population trends to in turn prevent real estate bubbles and maintain a steady economic growth. Renting and using social housing is common among the younger generation in Taiwan. The results of this study could, therefore, assist the government in managing the relationship between the rental and real estate markets.
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S., Merinova, and Polovenko L. "THE ROLE OF CRYPTWALTH IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY." Scientific Bulletin of Kherson State University. Series Economic Sciences, no. 42 (June 25, 2021): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2307-8030/2021-42-12.
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Today's situation of global development of the cyber economy and the spread of digital technologies have contributed to the creation of a new asset – digital cartographic currency, which is rapidly gaining popularity. Most scientists understand crypto-currency as digital money that is encrypted and protected by special algorithms that operate independently of the central bank. Cryptocurrency differs from electronic money primarily by the anonymity of its use. This state-of-the-art means of payment is gaining more and more popularity in use not only by individuals but also by legal entities around the world, which is why there is an objective need to determine the economic category to which cryptocurrency should be attributed and accounted for. Among a number of different cryptocurrencies, the most common is Bitcoin. Taking into account the popularization of cryptocurrency in the world as a completely new, innovative payment instrument of the XXI century. and the active use of Bitcoin and other types of cryptocurrencies, the development and use of this payment instrument in Ukraine and the world need further research. The article considers the functional roles of cryptocurrencies in the digital economy, examines trends and prospects for their development. Approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the concept of "cryptocurrency" are revealed, the main types of the most pop-ular cryptocurrencies today are considered, their general features are unified. It was found that the most common cryptocurrency is Bitcoin, analyzed the dynamics of changes in the exchange rate of this currency, compared the exchange rates of the 10 most common cryptocurrencies. It is noted that the first Ukrainian cryptocurrency was Karbowanec, an analysis of changes in the exchange rate of the domestic cryptocurrency. The legal status of cryptocurrency in some countries and in Ukraine has been stud-ied, and it has been found that more and more countries give cryptocurrency the status of a legal and legal means of payment, sometimes equating it to electronic money. It is noted that cryptocurrency today has both positive features and disadvantages, the main of which is the increased risk of fraud and fraud using digital currency.Keywords: cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, blockchain, electronic money, digital currency, digital economy, cryptocurrency market. У статті розглянуто функціональні ролі криптовалюти у цифровій економіці, досліджено тенденції та перспективи їх розвитку. Виявлено підходи до трактування сутності поняття «криптовалюта», розглянуто основні види найбільш популярних на сьогодні криптовалют, уніфіковано їх загальні ознаки. Встановлено, що найбільш розповсюдженою криптовалютою є Bitcoin, здійснено порівняння курсів 10 найбільш поширених криптовалют, проаналізовано зміну курсу вітчизняної криптовалюти. Досліджено правовий статус криптоваюти, виявлено, що все більше країн надають криптовалюті статус легального та правового засобу платежу, подекуди прирівнюючи її до електронних грошей. Зазначено, що криптовалюта має як позитивні риси, так і недоліки, головним з яких є підвищення ризику виникнення шахрайства та махінацій з використанням цифрової валюти.Ключові слова: криптовалюта, Bitcoin, блокчейн, електронні гроші, цифрова валюта, цифрова економіка, ринок крип-то валюти.
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OSTROVERKH, Larysa, and Yurii SHANDRENKO. "Research on the legal status of the national digital currency Karbo: the state and the prospects." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 11/1 (November 21, 2019): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2019.11(1).2.
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The article explores the phenomenon of the development of virtual currencies and their growing popularity, resulting in a natural imbalance when innovations in the field of economy outstripped the development of legislation governing the relationship between entities in the field of calculations and payments. This led to the lack of a common understanding of the legal status of cryptocurrency and the methods of its regulation at the current stage of economic relations and global technologies, which caused the world community the problem of determining the legal status of cryptocurrency, which arose from the evolution of money and the emergence of new structured financial products. For Ukraine, as for most countries in the world, the global digital economy remains an area with undiscovered potential, since the National Bank of Ukraine does not recognize cryptocurrencies with either electronic money, money surrogates or other legal means of payment and does not recommend using them as such, but, in addition, it does not prohibit their use. Evidence of NBU's desire to keep up with current global trends was the emergence in May 2016 of the first Ukrainian «Karbowanec» cryptocurrency (after the Karbo rebranding in September 2017), which prompted many financial agents to ask whether – «Can you trust Karbo?» and «What is Karbo better than other cryptocurrencies?». Karbo is positioned as an alternative to low volatility settlement, designed for calculations and real use with new cryptocurrency ways of regulating money supply and market price. However, the question remains open – should the state recognize cryptocurrency as a digital (virtual) currency, or as a means of exchange or payment, or as other digital or intangible assets, or as property rights, etc., to introduce a method of accounting and regulate the system of taxation of transactions with it?
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Srinivasan, Janaki, and Elisa Oreglia. "The Myths and Moral Economies of Digital ID and Mobile Money in India and Myanmar." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 6 (May 28, 2020): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2020.276.
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The diffusion of major new technologies in society is often accompanied by a set of myths that tell us how these technologies will change, clearly for the better, the social and economic fabric of a community. Digital technologies are associated with myths such as the death of distance and of mediators, the end of history and of politics (Brown and Duguid 2000; Mosco 2004). We build on Mosco’s idea of myth as a force shaping discourses around the introduction of new technologies in the context of the deployment of digital artifacts such as digital ID systems and mobile money platforms in the Global South (Mosco 2004). Using the examples of the Unique Identification system (Aadhaar) in India and mobile money in Myanmar, we show how these myths persist long after technologies are in common use. We also examine how, in practice, the use of these technologies seldom aligns with the mythology surrounding them, and it is, instead the moral economy of the communities where they are deployed that mediates their use (Thompson 1971). We argue that local histories of state-making and the larger political economy of technology design can help explain the persistence of the mythology around digital technologies despite the disconnect between myths and reality.
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Duskobilov, Umidjon. "Impact of Economic Regulation through Monetary Policy: Impact Analysis of Monetary Policy Tools on Economic Stability in Uzbekistan." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 3, no. 1 (2017): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.35.2005.
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Monetary policy is an integral part of economic development strategy in any economy due to its significant impact on economic sustainability. It has been an effective tool for regulating the economy through several tools. Nowadays the use of monetary policy tools to manage economic growth processes is a common practice in all market economies by balancing money supply and demand in domestic markets, increasing the benefits from foreign trade by exchange rate and overall financial flows by monitoring inflation rate trends. However, most effective tools are refinancing rate, mandatory reserve requirements and sterilization operations, which have direct linkages to financial flows, money supply, inflation, and exchange rate. In this paper, the author examined the impact of monetary policy tools on economic regulation in Uzbekistan by analyzing the relationship between monetary policy tools and economic growth. Empiric analysis revealed that monetary policy tools influenced positively on economic growth with a long-term relationship.
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CLARK, GORDON L., EMIKO CAERLEWY-SMITH, and JOHN C. MARSHALL. "Pension fund trustee competence: decision making in problems relevant to investment practice." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 5, no. 1 (February 8, 2006): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747205002374.
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Government-sponsored inquiries into trustee competence, and legislation regarding the protocols and practice of trustee decision making, have raised questions about the competence of trustees to make investment decisions consistent with the long-term interest of defined benefit pension plan beneficiaries. In this paper, we report the results of an analysis of trustee competence in solving problems relevant to their investment responsibilities. Based upon a set of widely recognized problems drawn from the psychology literature, we assess their discount functions, their willingness to risk their own money and others' money, their appreciation of probability, and their use of evidence to solve problems. For comparison, where appropriate we report the results of the same testing regime applied to a group of Oxford undergraduates. Our goals are fourfold: first, to demonstrate the nature of trustee competence in decision making; second, to demonstrate the range of trustee responses to problems relevant to investment; third, to assess trustees' risk appetites in relation to their own and others' money; and fourth, to draw implications from these results for the governance of trustee boards and their relationships with advisers and service providers. It is shown that trustee competence is surprisingly heterogeneous, and the lack of common approaches to problems relevant to investment practice has significant implications for fund governance.
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Tseng, Chung-Li, Daniel Wei-Chung Miao, San-Lin Chung, and Pai-Ta Shih. "How Much Do Negative Probabilities Matter in Option Pricing?: A Case of a Lattice-Based Approach for Stochastic Volatility Models." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14060241.
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In this paper, we focus on two-factor lattices for general diffusion processes with state-dependent volatilities. Although it is common knowledge that branching probabilities must be between zero and one in a lattice, few methods can guarantee lattice feasibility, referring to the property that all branching probabilities at all nodes in all stages of a lattice are legitimate. Some practitioners have argued that negative probabilities are not necessarily ‘bad’ and may be further exploited. A theoretical framework of lattice feasibility is developed in this paper, which is used to investigate how negative probabilities may impact option pricing in a lattice approach. It is shown in this paper that lattice feasibility can be achieved by adjusting a lattice’s configuration (e.g., grid sizes and jump patterns). Using this framework as a benchmark, we find that the values of out-of-the-money options are most affected by negative probabilities, followed by in-the-money options and at-the-money options. Since legitimate branching probabilities may not be unique, we use an optimization approach to find branching probabilities that are not only legitimate but also can best fit the probability distribution of the underlying variables. Extensive numerical tests show that this optimized lattice model is robust for financial option valuations.
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Gill, Atif Ali, Riaz Hussain Ansari, Zobia Malik, and Muhammad Waseem Tufail. "An Empirical Analysis to Understand Consumer Intention to Use Mobile Payment Platform: The Mediating Role of Trust." Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v7i1.1610.
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Money transfer through third-party mobile payment platforms has become common nowadays in western countries. While in developing countries, the adoption of mobile payment channels still at the infancy stage. The current study based on diffusion of innovation theory investigates the antecedents of intention to use mobile payment channels through trust's mediating role. The survey method was used to collect data from the 250 consumers using the mobile payments services of JazzCash and Easypaisa in Pakistan. Partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique employed to test the collected data statistically. Results found the significant impact of mobility, customization, and security on trust that intends to utilize mobile-payment channels. The current study's findings provide guidelines to the administration of mobile payment systems to improve security features, mobility, and customization that wins customers' trust and is inclined to use mobile payment platform.
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Sheludko, S., and T. Babych. "Dollarization in Central and Eastern European countries: essence, genesis, interrelation." Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 67, no. 6 (2020): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2020.06.149.
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The paper is devoted to scientific-theoretical and econometric analysis of dollarization on the example of Central and Eastern European countries. The views of scientists on the essence of the investigated category are generalized; the presence of high degree pluralism, particularly among Ukrainian researchers is determined. The authors’ definition, according to which the necessary conditions for dollarization in the economy such as: the recognition by residents the ability of foreign currency to perform one or more national money’s functions and systematic use of such currency in cash and/or non-cash circulation is given. Three-dimensional classification of dollarization, consistent with the modern money theory, according to the criteria of penalty, state recognition and performance of specific money’s functions is presented. Genesis and manifestations of inferred types are investigated. The global level of commitment to the U.S. dollar as the most common settlement and reserve currency is defined according to the global statistics of cross-border payments and the currency composition of the official central banks’ reserves. Methodological approaches for determining the level of dollarization of the economy, the most common of which – dollarization of money supply according to IMF and external debt–to–GDP ratio illustrated by statistics of 9 Central and Eastern European countries with own currencies are analyzed. It is determined that the high level of dollarization indicates the substitutionary competition between national and foreign money, where the latter are considered as a key factor for entering the global financial and commodity markets. According to the results of construction, estimation and re-estimation of BVAR dollarization model of Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and Russia, the significant causal relationship between the share of the currency component in the money supply of Russia and Poland and the corresponding indicators of Belarus and Ukraine is proved. This substantiates the previous conclusions about the unity of the dollarization evolutionary logic in historically close economies. The need for further empirical research of provoking and restraining factors of dollarization in Central and Eastern European countries is emphasized.
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Marble, Chris. "Florida Homeowner Herbicide Guide: Considerations, Applications, and Selection." EDIS 2019, no. 4 (August 22, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ep575-2019.
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While some people opt for professional lawn maintenance companies, some homeowners may wish to perform their own landscape pest control in order to save money, to have more control of what is applied, or simply because they enjoy it. This EDIS publication is for Florida gardeners, horticulturalists and homeowners who want to utilize herbicides to control weeds in their landscape. This publication discusses common herbicides available at retail stores and how homeowners can use these them safely and effectively.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ep575
This publication provides information and general management recommendations for a variety of common weed species found throughout Florida. For a species-specific weed identification guide or information on weed control in turfgrass, visit the EDIS Weed Control directory.
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García-Gómez, Raúl, Jorge Onrubia-Fernández, and Antonio Jesus Sanchez-Fuentes. "Is public sector performance just a matter of money? The case of the Spanish regional governments." Economics and Business Letters 8, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.8.2.2019.74-84.
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Efficient use of public resources is clearly a relevant issue to be studied from several points of view. Among others, it accounts for a significant share of the total economy activity and it deals with non-market oriented activities. In Spain, the regional level is particularly relevant due to the progressive decentralization of key public policies constituting the welfare state (as education, health, etc.) and their increasing financing needs, at the same time with important differences in fiscal capacity between them. Moreover, they mostly share (15 of 17) a common financing system in which an efficient use of resources is assumed but not evaluated. Our results show that normally a few of the regions tend to be the top performers, but there no regions performing poorly in every aspect. It is also worth noting that no dramatic changes can be seen in terms both of expenditure and performance during the recent Great Recession.
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Siwale, Chongo Clays, and Seter Siziya. "Factors Associated with Alcohol Consumption Among Students in High Cost Schools in Lusaka, Zambia." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 3, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.69.
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Introduction: The prevalence of alcohol consumption among adolescents is very high in Zambia, in-spite knowledge on the negative effects of alcohol consumption on adolescents. The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with alcohol consumption among secondary school students in high-cost school.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 357 students in Grades 8 and 11 was conducted. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. The associations and correlations between explanatory variables and the outcome of interest was established using Chi-square or the Fishe's exact test. Magnitudes of association were estimated using Odds ratio.
Results: The prevalence of alcohol consumption was 43.7%. Factors predictive of students' alcohol use were attitude towards alcohol consumption (AOR=3.15, 95% CI [1.04,9.56]), parental monitoring (AOR=0.69, 95% C.I [0.69, 0.94]), parental alcohol use (AOR= 1.76, 95% C.I [1.39,2.23]) and pocket money availability (AOR= 1.52, 95% CI [1.03,2.26]).
Discussion: The prevalence of alcohol consumption was high. Students with positive attitudes towards alcohol consumption are 3.15 times more likely to drink alcohol compared to students with negative attitudes. Students who are highly monitored by their parents are 31% less likely to drink alcohol compared to those rarely monitored by parents. Students whose parents drink alcohol are 76% more likely to drink alcohol compared to those whose parents do not drink alcohol. Students with high amount of pocket money are 52% more likely to drink alcohol compared to those without pocket money.
Conclusion and Implication for Translation: Results indicate a high prevalence of alcohol consumption. Potential interventions should focus on inclining students' attitudes against alcohol consumption, encouraging increased parental monitoring, and teaching students how to use their pocket money appropriately.
Key words: • Adolescent Alcohol Consumption • Attitude towards alcohol • Parental Monitoring • Parental Alcohol Use • Pocket Money
Copyright © 2019 Siwale and Siziya. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Sulmasy, Daniel P. "Cancer Care, Money, and the Value of Life: Whose Justice? Which Rationality?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 2 (January 10, 2007): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.08.0481.
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Cost-containment in oncology is a moral issue. While economists use the word “rationing” to describe all limitations on resource utilization that result from human choice, the ordinary language distinction between allocation and rationing is morally meaningful and can help oncologists to determine their proper moral role in cost-containment. It is argued that oncologists should not be required to ration at the bedside, nor should they be given financial incentives to practice frugally, nor should they be subjected to a variety of bureaucratic mechanisms to control costs indirectly. In addition, it is argued that the fact that treatments have a price does not logically imply that patients have a price. Cost-effectiveness analysis is often suggested as a means of deciding how best to allocate resources, but some of its many ethical limitations are discussed. The alternative is an open, public, participatory process about how to ration care, abandoning the formulaic pretenses of cost-effectiveness analysis, but with a commitment to reason, good will, and common sense. Oncologists would then be free to advocate for their patients within the constraints imposed by this public process.
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Schwartz, Jeremy T., David T. Flynn, and Gokhan Karahan. "Merchant Account Books, Credit Sales, and Financial Development." Accounting and Finance Research 7, no. 3 (June 25, 2018): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v7n3p154.
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Credit in colonial New England, including the credit practices used by merchants, invites study beyond that in the existing literature which largely limits investigation to an individual merchant. Textual analysis of 56 merchant account books from Connecticut and Massachusetts across a breadth of the eighteenth century and conversion to Lawful Money allows a common quantification of the financial extent of merchant transactions throughout the century. Through some descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests, we find that use of book credit is ubiquitous and in amounts that imply that merchants were de facto financial intermediaries essential for the development of the economy.
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Duncan, Philippa. "A methodology for enterprise-wide risk assessment in small banks and credit union." Journal of Money Laundering Control 24, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 374–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-08-2020-0098.
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Purpose This paper aims to provide an easy to follow, practical guide for small traditional banks and credit unions to conduct an enterprise-wide risk assessment of the financial institution’s anti-money laundering compliance program. Design/methodology/approach Information was collected from relevant documents published by global standard setters in the disciplines of anti-money laundering, financial crime prevention and risk management. The data was integrated with common challenges experienced by small financial institutions to produce an application-based guide that practitioners can readily implement. Findings Though not a new concept, macro-level financial crises and institutional level financial crimes have influenced the rapid evolution of risk management in financial institutions over the past three decades. Small unsophisticated banks and credit unions are expected to now perform an internal risk assessment. An abundance of information is available on risk assessment, but small institutions remain challenged in finding a turnkey document that is readily actionable to stimulate a less arduous undertaking, especially given the institutions’ limited resources. Research limitations/implications The setting reflects small deposit-taking institutions with traditional services. It is tailored for easy understanding and practical use by the institutions. Originality/value This could influence small institutions to conduct enterprise-wide risk assessments and formulate and use more specific risk management policies.
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Nurjayadi, Nurjayadi, Herwin Herwin, Khusaeri Andesa, and Torkis Nasution. "Pengembangan Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Berbasis Teknologi Informasi pada Koperasi Simpan Pinjam Jaya Makmur." Jurnal Pengabdian UntukMu NegeRI 4, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/jpumri.v4i2.2221.
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The Savings and Loans Cooperative is under the management of BUMDes Jaya Makmur and is engaged in a productive economy. The problems are the Ability of Financial Bookkeeping, Financial Governance, Low Public Interest. The field of financial accounting, namely how to improve the ability of employees to do financial bookkeeping. The solution taken is a common understanding of the need for a bookkeeping system in KSP management, providing financial system training for employees, providing assistance. The field of financial governance, namely how to implement information technology to implement financial governance. The solution is to install financial applications, provide training on the use of KSP financial applications, implement financial applications, assist in the use of applications. Areas of increasing public interest, namely How to increase public interest in borrowing and saving money to BUMDes Savings and Loans, the solution given is a common understanding of the use of technology, implementation of a transparent financial system, assistance in implementing the membership system. The use of information technology in the management of KSP increases productivity and efficiency of performance and governance, increases member satisfaction, increases transparency, and better management accountability.
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Lee, Cheon-Pyo. "The Impact of Technology Anxiety on the Use of Mobile Financial Applications." International Journal of Technology Diffusion 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jtd.2010100101.
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Mobile Commerce activities will not expand without the proper support of mobile financial applications (MFA), including mobile banking, mobile brokerage service, mobile money transfer, and mobile micro-payments. MFA is expected to have a great impact on the future of mobile commerce industries and makes purchasing activities more flexible and convenient, also creating new markets. However, despite the advent of these MFA technologies and the availability of various mobile services, the adoption of mobile financial applications across the globe is still relatively low. In this regard, this study investigates the role of technology anxiety (TA) in the adoption of MFA and resolves the discrepancy between the apparent interest in and low adoption of MFA. The results of a broad survey of 595 mobile payment users in Korea indicate TA negatively moderates the influence of intention on actual usage in addition to the direct negative influence on intention to use MFA. Also, the author found that TA significantly differs depending on the frequency of use and gender. However, contrary to a common notion that older people are more anxious in context to new technologies, TA has been found to be higher among young people.
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Haket, Christian, Bo van der Rhee, and Jacques de Swart. "Saving Time and Money and Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Efficiently Allocating Customers." INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics 50, no. 3 (May 2020): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2020.1028.
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In many industries, multifacility service providers can save time and money and reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by more efficiently allocating customers to their facilities. However, firms incur a reallocation cost when reassigning a customer to a different facility, something that has not received much attention in the literature. Software packages such as CPLEX can find the optimal solution for this type of problem, but managers rarely use them because they lack the specific knowledge, overestimate the cost, and/or underestimate the benefits. Including the reallocation costs, we modeled several common heuristics in Excel’s Visual Basic and compared the results with the optimal solution found by CPLEX. We collaborated with Van Dorp, a large service provider in the Netherlands, and found that (1) substantial savings can be achieved, (2) reallocation costs play a major role, and (3) the best heuristic achieves near-optimal results. Specifically, reallocating Van Dorp’s 20 “worst allocated” customers realizes a savings of more than 4,000 driving hours and €360,000 in cost and a reduction of 41 tons of CO2 emissions.
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Arvidson, Malin, Fraser Battye, and David Salisbury. "The social return on investment in community befriending." International Journal of Public Sector Management 27, no. 3 (April 8, 2014): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-03-2013-0045.
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Purpose – This paper seeks to illustrate the social and economic impact of services delivered by a small charity to families affected by post-natal depression (PND). It highlights challenges and offers insights to the meaning of “social value” and “value for money” for commissioners of public health services. This has relevance for the introduction of new policies regarding commissioning. Design/methodology/approach – The analysis is based on a social return on investment (SROI) approach. Evidence was gathered from quantitative data, interviews and a literature review. The analysis examined short-, medium- and long-term effects, and attributed monetary values to social outcomes. Findings – The service provides a return of £6.50 for every £1 invested. The analysis established outcomes for service users and long-term impacts on families and children. It illustrated how these services are important in achieving more appropriate service responses, providing value for money to the NHS. Findings also relate to the definition of “social value” and “value for money”. Research limitations/implications – There is no common accepted method for identifying financial values for a number of the benefits identified in this analysis. By being transparent in how the analysis was carried out, the paper encourages further critical thinking in this area. Practical implications – Engaging commissioners in this type of analysis may assist them in the use of economic evaluation that includes social values as an input to decision making. Originality/value – The paper contributes to the understanding of “social value” and “value for money” in the context of public services. This is of importance given that the Social Value Act and “Open Public Services” reform are being implemented in the UK.
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Kumsa, Marema Jebessa, Bizuayehu Nigatu Lemu, and Teklehaimanot Mezgebe Nguse. "Lack of pocket money impacts Ethiopian undergraduate health science students learning activities." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): e0243634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243634.
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Background The cost of university presents various challenges with regards to students’ daily learning activities. This is particularly evident in developing countries, where higher education students face acute financial problems that greatly affect their daily educational activities. In Ethiopia, public university students do benefit from governmental cost-sharing programs. Moreover, health sciences students have additional costs during their clinical placements that are above the common expenses for university students. Objectives Authors aim to explore the challenges that undergraduate health sciences students in their clinical year face with limited pocket money, as well as how students perceive these limited funds affecting their learning activities and their ability to meet challenges. Methods This descriptive qualitative study was conducted at the Department of Medical Radiologic Technology, College of Health Sciences, at Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia. Interviews were conducted between January 28, 2019 and February 1, 2019 with twelve students; and only ten participants were included in the study. The semi-structured questions explored participants’ experiences and perceptions regarding the challenges of a lack of pocket money and its impacts on their learning activities. Their reaction to financial challenges was assessed. Results Four themes that are related to the impact of a lack of money on learning activities emerged from our interviews. First, students believed that their difficulty in obtaining pocket money from family or other funding sources contributed to their financial stress, which negatively impacted their learning. Moreover, their difficulty in affording the basic needs for a student greatly affected their learning abilities in the classroom as well as in their clinical placements. The ability to self-manage was also a significant concern for students, with the pressure to use self-control and proper money management adding to their financial stress. Lastly, students observed that the lack of pocket money affected their ability to make social connections at university, which they saw as negatively impacting their learning abilities. Conclusion Ethiopian undergraduate health sciences students faced many challenges due to the lack of pocket money and these challenges affected student learning both directly or indirectly. Based on our data, we believe that the underlying causes of student financial hardship can be addressed by increasing public awareness of university expenses, clarifying the cost-sharing system to the public, redesigning the cost-sharing policy, and improving university services. Additionally, teaching students self-management skills is also another area that could increase student success.